New research could help explain how galaxies might be able to exist without dark matter, which was once thought impossible.
In the new study, researchers report how, when tiny galaxies collide with bigger ones, the bigger galaxies can strip the smaller galaxies of their dark matter.
Dark matter is matter that we can’t see directly, but which astrophysicists think must exist because, without its gravitational effects, they couldn’t explain things like the motions of a galaxy’s stars.
“…this meant that our current understanding of how dark matter helps galaxies grow needed an urgent revision.”
The work started in 2018 when astrophysicists Shany Danieli and Pieter van Dokkum of Princeton University and Yale University observed two galaxies that seemed to exist without most of their dark matter.
“We were expecting large fractions of dark matter,” says Danieli, who’s a coauthor of the latest study. “It was quite surprising, and a lot of luck, honestly.”
The lucky find, which van Dokkum and Danieli reported on in a Nature paper in 2018 and in an Astrophysical Journal Letters paper in 2020, threw the galaxies-need-dark-matter paradigm into turmoil, potentially upending what astrophysicists had come to see as a standard model for how galaxies work.
“It’s been established for the last 40 years that galaxies have dark matter,” says lead author Jorge Moreno, an astronomy professor at Pomona College. “In particular, low-mass galaxies tend to have significantly higher dark matter fractions, making Danieli’s finding quite surprising. For many of us, this meant that our current understanding of how dark matter helps galaxies grow needed an urgent revision.”
The team ran computer models that simulated the evolution of a chunk of the universe—one about 60 million light years across—starting soon after the Big Bang and running all the way to the present.
The team found seven galaxies devoid of dark matter. After several collisions with neighboring galaxies 1,000-times more massive, they were stripped of most of their material, leaving behind nothing but stars and some residual dark matter.
“It was pure serendipity,” says Moreno. “The moment I made the first images, I shared them immediately with Danieli, and invited her to collaborate.”
Robert Feldmann, a professor at the University of Zurich who designed the new simulation, says that “this theoretical work shows that dark matter-deficient galaxies should be very common, especially in the vicinity of massive galaxies.”
James Bullock, an astrophysicist at the University of California, Irvine, described how he and the team didn’t build their model just so they could create galaxies without dark matter—something he says makes the model stronger, because it wasn’t designed in any way to create the collisions that they eventually found.
“We don’t presuppose the interactions,” says Bullock.
Confirming that galaxies lacking dark matter can be explained in a universe where there’s lots of dark matter is a sigh of relief for researchers like Bullock, whose career and everything he’s discovered therein hinges on dark matter being the thing that makes galaxies behave the way they do.
“The observation that there are dark matter-free galaxies has been a little bit worrying to me.” says Bullock. “We have a successful model, developed over decades of hard work, where most of the matter in the cosmos is dark. There is always the possibility that nature has been fooling us.”
But, Moreno says, “you don’t have to get rid of the standard dark matter paradigm.”
Now that astrophysicists know how a galaxy might lose its dark matter, Moreno and his collaborators hope the findings inspire researchers who look at the night sky to look for real-world massive galaxies they might be in the process of stripping dark matter away from smaller ones.
“It still doesn’t mean this model is right,” Bullock says. “A real test will be to see if these things exist with the frequency and general characteristics that match our predictions.”
As part of this new work, Moreno, who has indigenous roots, received permission from Cherokee leaders to name the seven dark matter-free galaxies found in their simulations in honor of the seven Cherokee clans: Bird, Blue, Deer, Long Hair, Paint, Wild Potato, and Wolf.
“I feel a personal connection to these galaxies,” says Moreno, who adds that, just as the more massive galaxies robbed the smaller galaxies of their dark matter, “many people of indigenous ancestry were stripped of our culture. But our core remains, and we are still thriving.”
The research appears in Nature Astronomy.
Funding for the work came from the National Science Foundation; sabbatical leave support for Moreno from Pomona College and the Harry and Grace Steele Foundation; and, for Danieli, from NASA through a Hubble Fellowship grant.
Source: UC Irvine
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